Quiz2
| Question | Answer | Explanation | ||||||||||
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| Which is most likely in a high power distance culture? |
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The power distance value refers to the extent that people in a particular culture are willing to accept unequal distribution of power. Societies with high power distance scores actually place a high value on an unequal distribution of power, which places lots of power in the hands of elites and managers. Participative management and networks are features of societies with low scores on the power distance scale. | ||||||||||
| Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity. |
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Low uncertainty avoidance indicates people tolerate high ambiguity and high uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguity. | ||||||||||
| Globalisation has led many firms to take a greater interest in values. Why? |
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Differences in values or value incongruence occurs when an organisation’s dominant values appear incompatible with the prevailing values of the community or society in which it conducts its business. Thus globalisation calls for a delicate balancing act. Firms require new strategies to integrate these diverse values and they need to understand the underlying values before this can be done. | ||||||||||
| Nature – our hereditary origin is the only determinant of our personality. | False | Although personality is heavily influenced by heredity, nurture (our socialisation, life experiences and interactions) also has an impact, although the relative extent of this is still being debated. | ||||||||||
| Which best defines ethics in the workplace? |
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Ethics is the process of working out what is the right thing to do. It is about practical decision making, behaviour and action. People rely on their ethical values to determine ‘the right thing to do’. | ||||||||||
| Values define how comfortable we are working in any organisation. Which of these does not strengthen the link between values and behaviour? |
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When there is value incongruence the values which are widely held in the organisation are at odds with those of the individual and it is difficult to reconcile these differences unless the organisation values the different perspectives this can provide. | ||||||||||
| What is meant by personality in organisational behaviour? |
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Personality is a personal characteristic identified by someone’s personal behaviour. Although values are closely linked with personality it is helpful to consider them separately when discussing organisational behaviour. The persistence of voluntary behaviour is motivation, one of the elements of the MARS model of organisational behaviour. Anxiety, self-consciousness, talkativeness and friendliness are individual personality traits which make up a person’s personality. | ||||||||||
| Natural aptitudes are one element of a person’s ability. What is the other? |
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The two components of individual ability are the natural aptitudes one was born with, such as perfect pitch, and the skills one learns, such as typing and project management. A person is often said to have a natural aptitude for some particular task – playing football, being MC at a party or dealing with the bill at a restaurant. Natural talent, inherent skills and natural aptitude are different ways of saying the same thing. | ||||||||||
| Only one of the traits listed below is one of the Big Five personality dimensions. Which one? |
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The Big Five personality dimensions are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion. Courteousness, empathy, irritability and cooperativeness are all traits included within the agreeableness dimension. | ||||||||||
| Social identity theory indicates we define ourselves through which of the following? |
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Social identity theory refers to the idea that all individuals define themselves partly through their association with groups of others in social communities in a hierarchical order. Personal identity theory refers to what distinguishes us from other people. | ||||||||||
| A person who describes themselves as a creative employee, health conscious vegetarian and aggressive skier illustrate which aspects of self concept. |
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People do not have a unitary self-concept. Rather, they think of themselves in several ways in various situations. A person’s self-concept has higher complexity when it consists of many categories. Consistency is high when similar personality traits and values are required across all aspects of self-concept. A third structural feature of self-concept is clarity, that is, the degree to which a person’s self conceptions are clearly and confidently described, internally consistent and stable across time. |
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| When people tend to rate themselves above average, selectively recall only positive feedback, attribute success to their own efforts and believe they have a good probability of success, they can… |
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People are inherently motivated to promote and protect a self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical and important. This self-enhancement is observed in many ways. Individuals tend to rate themselves above average, selectively recall positive feedback while forgetting negative feedback, attribute their successes to personal motivation or ability while blaming the situation for their mistakes, and believe that they have a better than average probability of success. People don’t see themselves as above average in all circumstances. Rather, self-enhancement occurs more for everyday events than for unique incidents. | ||||||||||
| Which of the following conditions is not likely to strengthen the link between our personal values and behaviour? |
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Three conditions strengthen the linkage between personal values and behaviour. First, we tend to apply our values only when we can think of specific reasons for doing so. In other words, we need logical reasons for applying a specific value in a specific situation. Second, we tend to apply our values in situations that facilitate doing so. Work environments shape our behaviour, at least in the short term, so they necessarily encourage or discourage value-consistent behaviour. Third, we are more likely to apply values when we are reminded of them. | ||||||||||
| People are motivated to self verify, that is to verify and maintain their existing self concept. Which of the following is not an implication for organisations? |
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Self-verification stabilises an individual’s self-concept, which, in turn, provides an important anchor that guides his or her thoughts and actions. Self-verification differs from self-enhancement because people usually prefer feedback that is consistent with their self concept even when that feedback is unflattering. Self-verification has several implications for organisational behaviour. First, it affects the perceptual process because employees are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self-concept. Second, the more confident employees are in their self-concept, the less they will accept feedback—positive or negative—that is at odds with their self-concept. Third, employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept, and this affects how well they get along with their boss and with co-workers in teams. | ||||||||||
| Ethical sensitivity is described by all except which one of the following: |
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Ethical sensitivity is a personal characteristic that enables people to recognise the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance. Ethically sensitive people are not necessarily more ethical. Rather, they are more likely to sense whether an issue requires ethical consideration; that is, they can more accurately estimate the moral intensity of the issue. Ethically sensitive people tend to have higher empathy. They also have more information about the specific situation. For example, accountants would be more ethically sensitive regarding the appropriateness of specific accounting procedures than would someone who has not received training in this profession. | ||||||||||
| Getting along, and getting ahead are two categories of common underlying characteristics in which Personality theory |
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These five personality dimensions are not independent of each other. Some experts suggest that conscientiousness, agreeableness and low neuroticism (high emotional stability) represent a common underlying characteristic broadly described as ‘getting along’; people with these traits are aware of and more likely to abide by rules and norms of society. The other two dimensions share the common underlying factor called ‘getting ahead’; people with high scores on extroversion and openness to experience exhibit more behaviours aimed at achieving goals, managing their environment and advancing themselves in teams. However, conscientiousness is also associated with job performance, so likely falls into both categories. | ||||||||||
| The forces of motivation are represented by the choices people make, how much they push themselves and for how long. |
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Motivation represents the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour. Direction refers to the path along which people engage their effort. People have choices about where they put their effort; motivation is goal-directed, not random. People are motivated to arrive at work on time, finish a project a few hours early, or aim for many other targets. The second element is intensity. Intensity is all about how much people push themselves to complete a task. Finally, motivation involves varying levels of persistence, that is, continuing the effort for a certain amount of time. Employees sustain their effort until they reach their goal or give up beforehand. Remember that motivation exists within individuals; it is not their actual behaviour. Thus, direction, intensity and persistence are cognitive (thoughts) and emotional conditions that directly cause us to move. | ||||||||||
| Self concept influences an individual’s adaptability and well being. Poor adaptability is highly associated with which of the following: |
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People function better when their self-concept has many elements (high complexity) that are compatible with each other (high consistency) and are relatively clear. In contrast, people are more rigid and inflexible, and therefore less adaptable, when their self-view consists of only a few similar characteristics (low complexity). People also have poorer psychological adjustment when their self-concept is less clear and includes conflicting elements. | ||||||||||
| In addition to ethical principles and underlying values, moral intensity and ethical sensitivity are two factors influencing ethical conduct in the work place. Which of the following is the third? |
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Along with ethical principles and their underlying values, three other factors influence ethical conduct in the workplace: the moral intensity of the issue, the individual’s ethical sensitivity and situational factors. The third important factor explaining why good people engage in unethical decision making and behaviour is the situation in which the conduct occurs. Employees say they regularly experience pressure from top management that motivates them to lie to customers, breach regulations or otherwise act unethically. According to a global survey of managers and human resource managers, pressure from top management or the board to meet unrealistic deadlines and business objectives is the leading cause of unethical corporate behaviour. Situational factors do not justify unethical conduct. Rather, we need to be aware of these factors. | ||||||||||
| Each person has a unique value system that is stable and long lasting. |
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An individual’s personal values are related to self-concept. Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations. They are perceptions about what is good or bad, right or wrong. Values tell us what we ‘ought’ to do. They serve as a moral compass that directs our motivation and, potentially, our decisions and actions. Values are related to self-concept because they partly define who we are as individuals and as members of groups with similar values. People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences, called a value system. Some individuals value new challenges more than they value conformity. Others value generosity more than frugality. Each person’s unique value system is developed and reinforced through socialisation from parents, religious institutions, friends, personal experiences and the society in which he or she lives. As such, a person’s hierarchy of values is stable and long-lasting. |
Necessary of human relationship in current life: do SMS addiction is threat or opportunity?
Abstract:
Objective :Aim of this research is study of necessary of human relationship in current life. The use of the mobile and other technology tools has increased considerably over the last few years. With this increasing number of mobile users, the problem of SMS addiction has attracted high attention from psychiatrists, psychologists and educators. Materials and Methods: In this study the descriptive method used. All of the student of Islamic Azad university Mazandaran Province were considered as population of this research. The sample included 345 students were selected by using Kerejcie and Morgan’s table. The research instruments was Social Anxiety and SMS addiction questionnaires. As for the reliability of the instrument, Cronbach -Alpha coefficients were calculated 0.81. and 0.76. The scores obtained from both questionnaires were subjected to a number of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results :Results of research showed that: There is a relationship between students SMS addiction and their social anxiety (r= 0.389, P<.05). There is significant difference between SMS addiction in Married and No married students (t= 2.648, P<.05).There isn’t significant difference between social anxiety in students of university with different age. (F= 0.706, P>.05). Conclusion: Cellular phone use (CPU) is an important part of today life. Text-message dependency may be based on an acute need for interpersonal communication. SMS addiction not only is a threat for life but also it have many opportunities for success and achievement.
my notes:
Text messaging or instant messaging, is on the rise among young people. SMS and Internet addiction have symptoms such as poor human relationship, loneliness, low self esteem ,negative attitudes toward others etc [13,14].
adolescents use internet as a social medium.
sms or internet is used by some to medicate their social anxiety.
addiction in this sense is any kind of texting that produces negative social outcomes.
linked to rejection and need for approval new way to communicate.
failure to communicate is linked to social and personal anxiety.
The symbolic constitution of addiction: Language, alienation, ambivalence
Abstract
The author offers an articulation of addiction, via existential-phenomenology and Lacanian psychoanalysis, where it is argued that the addicted subject is constituted via a symbolic structuring evolving from societal practices, laws and the effects of language. Language carries a heritage, which bears on the knowledge and practices of designated subjects and practitioners of that discourse. Addiction, as one particular form of embodied existence and knowledgeable practice, finds expression through the speech and habits of the addict. Addiction, it is argued, is symbolically saturated with ambivalence and alienation. Also the addict is described as the complete modern technocratic subject, consumed by the ideology of consumption. The clinical implications are briefly explored where it is noted that two major approaches to addiction, namely 12-step fellowships and motivational interviewing, both attend to language as a critical component of their treatment approach.
My Notes:
language contributes to truth.
language is symbolic and persists over time, a sociological phenomeneon.
posits that addiction is constituted of symbolic forces outside the individuals control.
language has a structuring effect on knowledge.
language may be a barrier to understanding and grasping addiction.
language is symbolic including laws kinship structure and gifts.
the addict acts as a societal symptom, creating discomfort and unease.
addict used from 17th-18th century.
medicalisation occurred mid century.
12 step occurred just prior.
a study of the pathologising of addiction shows it occurred around the same time as industrial capitalism and consumer culture.
movement in western society from work ethic to production ethic to consumption ethic.
capitalism prizes consumption and then slaps down the addict. the addict makes a mokery of the premise of consumerism that more is better and that more is fullfilling.
The medicalization of compulsive buying
Abstract
Compulsive buying has recently been the subject of numerous articles from both consumer research and psychiatric perspectives. Identified by some researchers as a compulsion and by others as an addiction, common solutions to the problem have included drug treatments, participation in self-help groups and cognitive behaviour therapy. The purpose of this article is to examine critically the labelling of compulsive buying in terms of medicalization from the perspective of both medical and non-medical social control of “deviant” consumers. We suggest that the attempt to categorize compulsive buying as an illness represents the ongoing trend to medicalize behavioural problems which may be better understood within the wider context of related phenomena such as the fiscal crisis of the 1980s and 1990s and the consumption-driven economy of North America.
My notes:
quote that people act powerlessly and that what was once a normal consumer behaviour soon translated to a compulsive behaviour.
compulsive spending as a primary response to negative feelings.
views that compulsive buying is an addiction caused by society and wide spread as opposed to a ompulsion which is a medical model which may incur meditation brain function etc.
and describes as a “desperate search for meaning in a disintegrating social order.”
other researchers do think it is pathological relate it to impulse control and gambling and see it as a problem with moods.
others believe is compulsive consumption related to exercise sex work etc.
a womans disease more socially acceptable fr woman.
woman are more prone to medicalisation (seen as inherently defective)
crosses all classes of society.
responsibility: media; seen as responsible for shaping buying habits.
easy access to credit
medicalising the problem as compulsive is asking how much a problem is an individual one and how much of it is a societal problem.
the article make commentary that governments have shown poor examples of financial responsibility. in fiscal crisis.
Assignment 1
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0360131500000191
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/science/article/pii/S027795360300340X
http://hea.sagepub.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/content/16/4/434
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/science/article/pii/S0277953600000411
“To every thing there is a season” — social time and clock time in addiction treatment
Abstract
Research on therapeutic interventions and the development or efficacy of treatment services consider ‘time’ only as a technical, ‘objective’ condition. Time series analysis and cohort studies describe changes in addiction careers over time, but fail to take into account the role of ‘subjective’ or ‘social time’, e.g. the functions of organisational and individual patterns of time use and time budgets. This paper reviews the notion of ‘time’ in addiction treatment systems. More specifically, the explicit or implicit role played by ‘the time factor’ in specific types of treatment such as ‘12-step programs’, in-patient, out-patient care and individual treatment plans differs considerably and implies a re-definition and interpretation of ‘Past’, ‘Present’ and ‘Future’. Temporal conceptions and time estimations of patients and therapists may influence the access to treatment and treatment outcomes. Societal values — lack of time in affluent societies — and a general acceleration in the fields of communication, consumption, work and leisure are mirrored in the treatment system. Recovery as a long-lasting learning process stands in sharp contrast to the ‘quick fix’. The question is raised whether a post-modern concept of time is gaining importance as a counter movement, promoting a more individualised and differentiated treatment response and not any longer based on assumingly objective, technical criteria such as cost-efficiency. More research is needed on group-specific time concepts in treatment programs and the acceleration hypothesis in treatment systems.
my notes:
paragraph 1: contextual time based “in my youth’ rememberences.
paragraph 3: time is an important factor in addiction research eg first time, duration, time lapsed.
time is immersed by the addict described as “junk time” which runs like an hourglass and time becomes relevant to the need of the addict in a sense they run on their own time, coinciding with others.
a big part of treatment is restructuring time, withdrawal occurs in part due to the reallocation of time from immersive junk time to abundant non junk time, much the way a person goes into shock at retirement.
addicts must plan for the future and triggering situations.
The life course and generations.
looking across the whole span of a persons life.
each stage presents characteristic problems and transitions.
childhood and adolescence, early adult transition, entering the adult world, age 30 transition, settling down, midlife transition, entering middle adulthood, age 50 transition, culmination of middle adulthood, late adult transition, late adulthood.
understanding life course development.
as people live longer and psychology becomes more developed we begin to have new ways to look at the life span including additional catagories of age. life phases also depend on culture and some cultures do not include adolescence etc.
life occurs in a historical context, within a timespan. this is important when looking at key events in history, such as the colonisation of australia etc.
events, people and the culture of the times shapes our thoughts, including war, popular media etc.
Age Cohort: persons who are born in a similar time in history are likely to have similar beliefs and values.
Generation cohort: similar to age but shared memories and identities.
life stages: trust/mistrust/hope, identity/identity confusion/fidelity, generation/stagnation/care, integrity/despair/wisdom.
Constructing situations
Erving goff: interaction order- what we do in the immediate presence of others. when we analyse others we are engaging in dramaturgical analysis.
Performances: Costume, props, manner, stage.
non verbal communication: communication using body gestures movements and facial expressions.
gender and personal performances
demeanor: social power
use of space: how much space is needed to maintain personal privacy, which is different culturally all over the world.
staring, smiling and touching
men staring which dominates and objectifies,
woman often use smiling to signal appeasement
touching is more acceptable for some then others ie male to female then male to male. this dominates and subordinates woman.
idealisation: we try to convince others and ourselves that what we do reflects cultural standards. idealisation underlies social civility small hypocrisies ease us through society.
Embaressment and tact.:
embaressment, discomfort at a spoiled performance.or losing face.
tact: helping another person save face., tact is exercised because embaressment causes discomfort for everyone.
ethnomethodology and conversational analysis
symbolic interaction paradigm posits that reality is created by ppl in everyday life.
ethnomethodology: the study of the way people make sense of their everyday lives.
sensemaking in the social encounter, one way of exploring this is purposly breaking the rules.
conversational analysis
language is a guiding feature of society.
rigerous set of techniques to record and then analyse everday speech. analysts in forms and rules, and sequence of talk.
features of daily interaction- digital life:
1) perpetual contact
2) immediate global contact
3) new patterns of community
4) new modes of speaking and communicating
5) public display of identity
6) mediated lives
7) managing all matters of practical matters.
8) new sense of status
9) new rules and behaviours.
The social construction of reality
Each person has the ability to shape what happens from moment to moment. Reality is not fixed.
human worlds are socially produced changed and modified (social constructionist perspective)
social interaction amounts to negotiating reality.
Thomas Theorem: Situations we define as real become real in their consequences.
Becoming social: the process of socialisation
socialisation: a lifelong social experience by which individuals construct their personal biography, assemble daily, international rules and come to terms with the wider patterns of their culture.
unlike animals humans rely on social experience to learn the nuances of their culture in order to survive.
The 5 questions:
Who is being socialised (nature/nurture)
by whom (the role of agents of socialisation- ie family, friends, teachers)
how (process through which people become socialised)
where
when
How do we develop- nature, nurture or both?
John Watson: behaviourism. behavioural patterns are learnt rather then instinct.
Margaret Mead: Anthropologist “nurture” differences in individuals are determined by cultural conditioning.
sociologists generally consider that nurture is more important then nature. nature and nurture are inseperable.
Feral and isolated children:
from case history there appears to be a point at which irreparable damage is done from a lack of socialisation.
Two theories of socialisation:
1) we build a biography through interacting with others.
socialisation is the ongoing transmission of culture.
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, emotional experiences traumas and family romances. ruled by the unconscious.
Life and death:
freud believed we have two basic needs or drives,
a) pleasure (eros-life)
b) agressive drives (thanatos-death)
Three basic drives:
the three drives along with society form a model of personality with three parts ego, id and superego.
id: basic drives
ego: realistic adaptation to the world in spite of needs wants and desires.
Superego: cultural values and norms. (conscience)
Personality development: starts with pleasure and pain and progresses to right and wrong.
as the source of superego culture operates to control human drives. Repression.
the competing demands of self and society is sublimination.
sublimination transforms fundamentally selfish drives into socially acceptable activities.
Freud and the Oedipus Complex.
oedipus the struggle a young child experiences with its mother and father. the theory is that as a newborn children develop a close relationship with mother and foster hostility towards their father. (castration complex) in order to resolve this conflict the child begins to identify with father. the oedipus complex is the key to getting the id and all its desires under control.
father becomes part of the superego and an authority figure. in social terms this is the same conflict, how to cope with all our desires and become a socialised adult with a conscience.
in one of his books freud saw similarities between social and individual developments. and that civilisation depends on repression.
The self:
Mead: the human capacity to be reflexive and take the role of others. self is inseperable from society.
1) Self emerges from social experience (only through social experience)
2) social experience involves communication and the exchange of symbols
3) to understand intention u need to understand from the other persons point of view.
The looking glass:
Looking glass self: Charles Horton Cooley- image people have of themselves based on how they believe others percieve them.
The I and the Me- self as two components, self is subject as we intiate social action.self is object because we take the form of another and form impressions of ourself.
all social experience begins with someone initiating action “i” and then guiding the action (me)
Development of self:
mead maintained that self emerges over time with increasing social experience. mead concluded that infants imitate others therefore have no self. socialisation continues as long as we have social experiences.
generalised other: widespread cultural norms and values we use in evaluating ourselves.
mead = symbolic interactionism.
i and me work together in a dialectical process.
Giant Jigsaw Puzzle
The land is our mother that cannot be owned or exploited.
traditions and responsibility is diverse people are spread across a wide area.
The Dreaming
Spiritual life is an ongoing experience set in the context of day to day living.
Mythology like language is a means of communication.
The dreamtime spirits are the great actors in the drama of the dreaming.
For aboriginals, telling someone a story is linking them to the land.
The land is an outward expression of the spiritual dimension.
Story’s:
Give a history
Account for origins of natural phenomena.
Are maps
file geographical info into catagories
Record boundaries
are a repository for environmental knowledge
account for origins of social institutions and customs.
provide a blueprint for specific rituals.
Provide guidelines for living.
embody warnings for those who contravene the rules.
encourage fortitude
entertainment.
focal point of community identity.
Bachelor of Psychology 